From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated.
in tap water), indirect consumption (by eating animals), and disruption of various hormonal mechanisms.Īs of 2019, 368 million tonnes of plastic is produced each year 51% in Asia, where China is the world's largest producer. Degraded plastic waste can directly affect humans through both direct consumption (i.e. Living organisms, particularly marine animals, can be harmed either by mechanical effects such as entanglement in plastic objects, problems related to ingestion of plastic waste, or through exposure to chemicals within plastics that interfere with their physiology. Some researchers suggest that by 2050 there could be more plastic than fish in the oceans by weight. It is estimated that there is a stock of 86 million tons of plastic marine debris in the worldwide ocean as of the end of 2013, with an assumption that 1.4% of global plastics produced from 1950 to 2013 has entered the ocean and has accumulated there. It is estimated that 1.1 to 8.8 million tonnes of plastic waste enters the ocean from coastal communities each year. Plastic pollution can afflict land, waterways and oceans. Together, these two factors allow large volumes of plastic to enter the environment as mismanaged waste and for it to persist in the ecosystem. However, the chemical structure of most plastics renders them resistant to many natural processes of degradation and as a result they are slow to degrade. Plastics are inexpensive and durable making them very adaptable for different uses as a result humans produce a lot of plastic. Plastics that act as pollutants are categorized by size into micro-, meso-, or macro debris. plastic bottles, bags and microbeads) in the Earth's environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, and humans. Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic objects and particles (e.g. Lecture of Erik van Sebille ( Utrecht University) on plastic pollution.
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